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Many other Scientologist-run services and organizations come from the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which accredits making use of Hubbard's management teachings, and circulates directories of WISE-affiliated services. WISE needs those who wish to end up being Hubbard management seeks advice from to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be carried out at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the schools of the Hubbard College of Administration, which provides an Associate of Applied Science Degree.


Another popular WISE-affiliated service is e. Republic, a publishing business based in Folsom, California. e. Republic publications consist of Federal government Innovation and Converge publications. The Center for Digital Government is a department of e. Republic that was established in 1999 - Church of Scientology Perth. Internet ISP EarthLink was established by Scientologists Sky Dayton and Reed Slatkin as a Scientology business.


This area needs expansion. You can assist by contributing to it. In order to facilitate the ongoing expansion of Scientology, the Church has actually made efforts to win allies in the kind of powerful or highly regarded individuals. Though it has actually obtained some credibility as a religious beliefs in many countries, Scientology has likewise been explained as both a cult and a commercial business.


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For example, it has actually been kept in mind to take part in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by identifying as Level playing field individuals it views as its enemies. In 1979, a number of Scientology members were convicted for their participation in the church's Operation Snow White, the biggest theft of government documents in U.S.


Scientologists were likewise founded guilty of scams, manslaughter and damaging witnesses in French cases, destructive libel against lawyer Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religious beliefs in America, spiritual scholar Jacob Neusner specifies that Scientology's "high level of visibility" may be viewed as "threatening to developed social organizations".


From 1952 till 1966, Scientology was administered by a company called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), developed in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was integrated in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.


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In 1967, the IRS removed all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, declaring Scientology's activities were commercial and run for the benefit of Hubbard. Debate followed the church on those years, however its growth continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).




Centers of Scientology remained in 52 nations by the time the 80s can be found in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church took legal action against and lost repeatedly for 26 years attempting to regain its tax-exempt status. The case was ultimately settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than IRS had actually at first demandedand the Internal Revenue Service acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt not-for-profit organization.




Scientology cites its tax exemption as evidence the United States government accepts it as a religious beliefs. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was ranked as number 9 in products for the inbound Barack Obama administration to investigate, as figured out in a web survey run by the governmental transition team soliciting public input for the incoming administration. is scientology a religion.


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State Department has actually slammed redirected here Western European nations for discrimination against Scientologists in its published annual International Religious Freedom report, based upon the International Religious Liberty Act of 1998. In some nations Scientology is treated lawfully as a company, and not as a religious beliefs or charitable organization. [] In early 2003, in Germany, The Church of Scientology was given a tax-exemption for the 10% license costs sent out to the United States. The word Scientology (and many related terms, including L. Ron Hubbard) is a registered hallmark. Religious Innovation Center, the owner of the hallmarks and copyrights, takes a difficult line on individuals and groups who try to use it in methods unaffiliated with the main Church (see Scientology and the legal system).


Ron Hubbard designated Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of particular elements of legal defense for the CoS in 1968 and the Office of The Guardian was developed with its head workplace positioned at Saint Hill Manor. Under The Guardian's Office (later renamed the Office of Unique Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted personnel from Bureau One later arranged and devoted among the biggest penetration of United States federal agencies ever perpetrated by a company not connected with a foreign federal government (that is, one such as the KGB).




In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution explained their actions as such: The criminal offense devoted by these accuseds is of a breadth find and scope previously unusual. No structure, office, desk, or file was safe from their sleuthing and spying. No person or organization was complimentary from their despicable conspiratorial minds.


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The Church has also in the past utilized aggressive methods in attending to those it sees as attempting to suppress them, referred to as Suppressive Individuals (SPs) first detailed by Hubbard as part of a policy called level playing field. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having authored, a 1970 expositions book about the Church and its founder.


Using blank paper known to have actually been handled by Cooper, Scientologists forged bomb risks in her name. When fingerprints on them matched hers, the Justice Department started prosecution, which could have sent Cooper to jail for a lengthy term. The Church's strategy was discovered at the very same time he has a good point as its Operation Snow White actions were revealed.

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